AUXILARY | USES | PRESENT / FUTURE | PAST |
may | Polite request | May I borrow your book ? | |
Formal permission | You may leave this place. | ||
might | Less than 50% certaintry | --where’s john ? maybe he was playing was playing | Was he already played |
Polite request ( rare) | Your money may be borrowed ? | ||
shculd | advisability | I must master it day in | I should have been mastered |
90% certainty | he should be able to get it right next exam | he should be on the exam later | |
Ought to | Advisability | I should know tonight | I should have understood last night |
90% certainty | She ought to do well on the test. ( future only, not present ) | He should have done better understand the test | |
Had better | Advisability with threat of bad result | ou better come with us, or we will leave you | (agricultural past is rarely ) |
be supposed to | desire | classes should be started at 10 | classes should be started at 10 |
Be to | Strong desire | You already to be here at 9:00 | You already to be here at 9:00 |
must | Strong necessity | I must go to school today | I had to go to school yesterday |
Prohibition ( negative ) | You must not open that fence | ||
Have to | Necessity | I have to go to school today | I had to go to school yesterday |
Lack of necessity ( negative ) | I don’t have to go to school today | I don’t have to go to school yesterday | |
Have got to | Necessity | I have got to go class today | I had to go to class yesterday |
will | willingness | --ringing the bell I would open the door | |
Polite request | Will you please his coffee | ||
Be going to | 100% certation | He is going to be here at 6:00 ( future only ) | |
Definite plan | I’m going to paint my bedroom. ( future only ) | I was going to paint my romm, but I didn’t have time | |
can | Informal permission | You can use my car tomorrow | |
Informal polite request | Can I borrow your pen | ||
could | Past ability | I could swim fast when the last school | |
Could I borrow your book ? Could you teach me ? | |||
Be able to | ability | I am able to help ypu. I will be able to help you | I was able to help him |
would | Polite request | Would you please pass the salt? Would you mind if I left own ? | |
Preferance | I would rather go to the mall than stay home. | I would rather have gone to the mall | |
Used to | Repeated action in the past | I used to play my younger brother every weekend | |
shall | Polite question to make a suggestion | Shall I open the door ? | |
Fature with “I” or “we” as subject | I shall arrive at ten. ( will + more common ) |
Kamis, 12 April 2012
SUMMARY CHART OF MODAL AND SLMILAR EXPRESSIONS
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